Which of the following defines hydrogen bonding?

Hydrogen bonding is a specific type of interaction that occurs when hydrogen is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. This bond creates a significant dipole, with the hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and the electronegative atom carrying a partial negative charge. The strong polarity of this bond enables hydrogen atoms to form attractive interactions, or hydrogen bonds, with nearby electronegative atoms in other molecules, which are characterized as dipole-dipole interactions.

The nature of hydrogen bonds is often stronger than typical dipole-dipole interactions due to the high electronegativity of the atoms involved and the small size of the hydrogen atom, allowing for close proximity between the molecules. This unique bonding scenario is pivotal in determining the physical properties of many substances, such as the high boiling point of water compared to other similar-sized molecules.

In contrast, the other definitions do not accurately capture the concept of hydrogen bonding. For instance, the notion of a weak attraction between polar molecules lacks the specific criteria associated with the involvement of hydrogen and highly electronegative atoms. Additionally, a bond formed by electron sharing between two non-metals describes covalent bonding rather than hydrogen bonding. Lastly, a strong